自由软件：走在前面的个人或组织研究　V0.3

 

希望对自由软件的历史和现状有更加深入的了解，虽然工作繁忙，但是相信只要每天抽一点时间稍作学习，应该也会有较大的进步吧。目的是基于前辈和各个组织的努力成果，思考以后的路该怎么走。

 

目前我只是知道一点，慢慢加进来吧，如果你有什么好介绍，欢迎分享。：）

 

 

 

个人：

 

1.    理查德•马修•斯托曼（Richard Matthew Stallman ）

 

理查德•马修•斯托曼（Richard Matthew Stallman，简称rms，1953年3月16日－）是美国自由软件运动的精神领袖、GNU计划以及自由软件基金会（Free Software Foundation）的创立者。作为一个著名的黑客，他的主要成就包括Emacs及后来的GNU Emacs，GNU C 编译程序及GNU 除错器。他所写作的GNU通用公共许可证（GNU GPL）是世上最广为采用的自由软件许可证，为copyleft观念开拓出一条崭新的道路。

 

1990年代中期，斯托曼把他大部时间花在作为一个政治运动者，为自由软件辩护，对抗软件概念专利及版权法的扩张。他仍在程序设计方面奉献的心力都放在GNU Emacs。他的演讲当中大约半数有收入，这让他能够养活自己。

 

他最大的影响是为自由软件运动竖立了道德、政治以及法律框架。他被许多人誉为当今自由软件的斗士、伟大的理想主义者，但同时也有人批评他过于固执、观点落伍。

 

个人网页： http://www.stallman.org/

 

个人Blog： http://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/

 

2.     

 

公司：

 

l  http://www.redhat.com/

 

Red Hat, Inc. (NYSE: RHT) is a company in the free and open source software sector, and a major Linux distribution vendor. Founded in 1993, Red Hat has its corporate headquarters in Raleigh, North Carolina with satellite offices worldwide.[5]

 

Red Hat has become associated to a large extent with its enterprise operating system Red Hat Enterprise Linux and with the acquisition of open-source enterprise middleware vendor JBoss. Red Hat provides operating-system platforms along with middleware, applications, and management products, as well as support, training, and consulting services.

 

l  http://www.project.net/

 

Project.net is a comprehensive enterprise project management application that helps you plan, execute and deliver across your entire portfolio of projects

 

l  http://www.liblime.com/

 

LibLime (a division of MetaVore, Inc.) is a privately held company from Columbus, Ohio, USA, providing open-source software solutions to libraries. LibLime was founded in 2005.[1]

 

社区或组织： 

 

l  http://www.gnu.org

 

    The GNU Project was launched in 1984 to develop a complete Unix-like operating system which is free software: the GNU system.

 

    GNU's kernel isn't finished, so GNU is used with the kernel Linux. The combination of GNU and Linux is the GNU/Linux operating system, now used by millions.

 

    Sometimes this combination is incorrectly called Linux. There are many variants or “distributions” of GNU/Linux

 

l  http://www.fsf.org

 

 The Free Software Foundation, founded in 1985, is dedicated to promoting computer users' right to use, study, copy, modify, and redistribute computer programs. The FSF promotes the development and use of free (as in freedom) software -- particularly the GNU operating system and its GNU/Linux variants -- and free documentation for free software. The FSF also helps to spread awareness of the ethical and political issues of freedom in the use of software, and its Web sites, located at fsf.org and gnu.org, are an important source of information about GNU/Linux

 

l  http://www.sourceforge.net

 

    SourceForge.net is the world's largest open source software development web site.

 

l  http://www.oss.org.cn 

 

 中国开源软件推进联盟（英文全称：China OSS Promotion Union，英文缩写：COPU，以下简称“联盟”）是在政府主管部门指导下，由致力于开源软件文化、技术、产业、教学、应用、支撑的企业、社区、客户、大专院校、科研院所、行业协会、支撑机构等组织自愿组成的、民主议事的民间行业联合体，非独立社团法人组织。在2004年7月22日于北京成立。

 

    联盟的宗旨是为推动中国开源软件（Linux/OSS）的发展和应用而努力；为促进中日韩以及中国与全球关于开源运动（Linux/OSS）的沟通、交流与合作而努力；为促进全球开源运动（Linux/OSS）做出贡献而努力。

 

    联盟的作用是为推动Linux/OSS的发展，充分发挥联盟在政府与企业之间有关立法、政策、规划和环境建设方面的桥梁、纽带与促进作用；充分发挥联盟在企业与用户、企业与企业、企业与社区、中外企业/社区间、企业与科研、教育、支撑机构之间关于研发、生产、教育、

 

l  http://www.openfoundry.org/ 

 

 是台湾中央研究院信息科学研究所于民国04年接受经济部工业局「自由软件产业推动计划」的补助，成立自由软件铸造场 (Open Source Software Foundry，以下简称 OSSF )，以扩大自由软件在台湾的应用幅度与研发。目前经费的来源，部分来自行政院国家科学委员会的补助，部分则来自于中央研究院。

 

l  http://www.opensource.org

 

 The Open Source Initiative (OSI) is a California public benefit corporation, with 501(c)3 tax-exempt status, founded in 1998.

 

    The OSI are the stewards of the Open Source Definition (OSD) and the community-recognized body for reviewing and approving licenses as OSD-conformant.

 

 The OSI is actively involved in Open Source community-building, education, and public advocacy to promote awareness and the importance of non-proprietary software. OSI Board members frequently travel the world to attend Open Source conferences and events, meet with open source developers and users, and to discuss with executives from the public and private sectors about how Open Source technologies, licenses, and models of development can provide economic and strategic advantages. 

 

 

 

l  http://code.google.com/intl/zh-CN/

 

 Google提供的网上源代码托管平台，类似于Sourceforge，提供版本控制、问题跟踪、Wiki、下载托管及其他有用的工具。

 

l  http://freshmeat.net

 

 freshmeat maintains the Web's largest index of Unix and cross-platform software, themes and related "eye-candy", and Palm OS software. Thousands of applications, which are preferably released under an open source license, are meticulously cataloged in the freshmeat database, and links to new applications are added daily. Each entry provides a description of the software, links to download it and to obtain more information, and a history of the project's releases, so readers can keep up-to-date on the latest developments.

 

l  http://www.cn.debian.org/

 

Debian 计划 是一个致力于创建一个自由操作系统的合作组 织。我们所创建的这个操作系统名为 Debian GNU/Linux，简称为 Debian。

 

操作系统是使计算机运行的基本程序和工具的集合，其中最主要的部分称为内核 (kernel)。内核是计算机中最重要的程序，负责一切基本的调度工作，并 让您运行其他程序。

 

Debian 系统目前采用 Linux 内核。Linux 是一个最初由 Linus Torvalds 创建，目前由全球成千的程序员共同维护的软件。

 

l  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_software

 

自由百科的Free software Portal，有大量的关于自由软件的资料资料。

 

l  http://www.softwarefreedom.org/

 

We provide legal representation and other law-related services to protect and advance Free, Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS). Founded in 2005, the Center now represents many of the most important and well-established free software and open source projects.

 

l  http://www.apache.org/

 

The Apache Software Foundation provides support for the Apache community of open-source software projects. The Apache projects are characterized by a collaborative, consensus based development process, an open and pragmatic software license, and a desire to create high quality software that leads the way in its field.

 

l  http://www.celinuxforum.org/

 

CE Linux Forum is an international open source software development community established in 2003. It is a forum of like-minded software engineers dedicated to the development and enhancement of Linux-based embedded devices through the irreplaceable resource of shared knowledge. These engineers bring their ideas and finest skills to such missions as decreasing system size, startup/shutdown time, and power consumption; improving compatibility to various CPU architectures, and developing middleware

 

l  http://www.linuxfoundation.org/

 

Within two years, the Linux ecosystem is projected to reach $50 billion, spanning the enterprise computing, desktop/netbooks and embedded markets. The Linux Foundation is the nonprofit consortium dedicated to fostering the growth of Linux. Founded in 2007, the Linux Foundation sponsors the work of Linux creator Linus Torvalds and is supported by leading Linux and open source companies and developers from around the world.

 

l  www.eclipse.org

 

Eclipse is an open source community, whose projects are focused on building an open development platform comprised of extensible frameworks, tools and runtimes for building, deploying and managing software across the lifecycle. The Eclipse Foundation is a not-for-profit, member supported corporation that hosts the Eclipse projects and helps cultivate both an open source community and an ecosystem of complementary products and services.

 

l  http://foundation.gnome.org/

 

The GNOME Project is an effort to create a complete, free and easy-to-use desktop environment for users, as well as a powerful application development framework for software developers. GNOME is part of the GNU Project, is Free Software, and developed as Open Source software.

 

 

 

l  http://www.iosn.net/

 

The International Open Source Network (IOSN) is a Center of Excellence for FOSS in the Asia-Pacific Region. It shapes its activities around Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) technologies and applications. Via three centres of excellence – IOSN ASEAN+3, IOSN PIC (Pacific Island Countries), and IOSN South Asia, based in Manila, Suva and Chennai respectively, the IOSN is tasked specifically to facilitate and network FOSS advocates and human resources in the region. The vision is that developing countries in the Asia-Pacific Region can achieve rapid and sustained economic and social development by using affordable yet effective FOSS ICT solutions to bridge the digital divide.

 

l  http://www.ifso.ie/

 

IFSO was founded in January 2004 with the aims of promoting and protecting software which comes with the freedom to study it, modify it and redistribute it: Free Software. Notable examples of Free Software include the GNU/Linux operating system, the OpenOffice.org office suite and the Firefox web browser. IFSO seeks the wider use of Free Software, and a wider understanding of the benefits that software freedom brings through independence, transparency and the ability to collaborate with others. IFSO would also like to see businesses which write, deploy or support Free Software being encouraged. IFSO works to ensure that new legislation does not restrict the writing of Free Software so that Free Software can continue to flourish.

 

l  http://www.lpi.org/

 

    LPI(Linux Professional Institute)是一家基于国际Linux社区，服务于社区的非盈利组织，总部设于多伦多。LPI希望能够将愿意投入并实现Linux事业的公司企业与专业人士，汇聚成一个积极、尽责的社团、以推动全球Linux技术水平的不断提高。LPI已为世界公认，是倡导和协助开源代码、Linux和自由软件专业化应用的国际知名组织。

 

l  http://www.morfeo-project.org/

 

The MORFEO community works towards the following goals:

 

Speed up the development of Service Oriented Architectures-related software standards, which are key for both systems integration and the evolution of the network as an ecosystem of proliferating services

 

Create business opportunities in the field and integrate solutions targeting enterprises and the Administration based on standard platforms and applications developed within the community

 

Improve the productivity and assure the quality of open-source software-related developments that can be integrated with the standard software development infrastructure for projects of this type (Gforge)

 

Act as a catalyst for R&D&I projects in the software field that naturally integrate a range of scientific and technological agents, helping to boost R&D&I activities and the development of a strong industrial fabric in countries where the consortium members operat

 

l  http://www.mozilla.org/

 

Mozilla是一个全球化的社区。社区成员们坚信开放，创新，和机遇是互联网持续健康发展的关键因素。作为一个社区，我们从1998年开始为确保互联网的发展造福所有用户而共同努力。我们因创作Mozilla Firefox网络浏览器而广为人知。

 

Mozilla基于社区创建世界一流的开放源代码软件，并且开拓各种新式的合作活动。我们志同道合，致力于改善广大互联网用户的上网体验。

 

l  http://www.nrcfoss.org.in/

 

National Resource Centre for Free/Open Source Software (NRCFOSS) aims to contribute to the growth of FOSS in India through Research and Development, Human Resource Development, Networking and Entrepreneurship Development, as well as serve as the reference point for all FOSS related activities in the country including the creation and maintenance of this national FOSS Portal.

 

      The National Resource Centre for Free/Open Source Software (NRCFOSS) is funded by the Department of Information Technology (DIT), Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT), Govt. of India, and is being managed jointly by the Chennai division of the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC) and AU-KBC Research Centre, Anna University,Chennai.C-DAC is an Autonomous Scientific Society of the DIT, Govt. of India and AU-KBC Research Centre is an Autonomous Research Centre of the Anna University.

 

l  http://nzoss.org.nz/

 

The New Zealand Open Source Society is a non-profit organisation set up to educate, advocate and advance the use of Open Source Software in New Zealand.

 

l  http://www.openforumeurope.org/

 

We are a not-for-profit, independent organisation launched in March 2002 to accelerate, broaden and strengthen the use of Open Source Software (OSS) in business and government. OFE pursues the vision of an open, competitive European IT market by 2010 in line with the European Commission i2010 Strategy with the mission of facilitating open competitive choice for IT users. OFE is supported by major IT suppliers and works closely with the European Commission and National Governments, both direct and via National Associates

 

l  http://www.osadl.org/

 

OSADL aims to promote and support the development of Open Source software for the automation industry. OSADL is an international cooperative registered in Germany and accepts member companies from all over the world. In addition, universities and other research institutions may become academic OSADL members.

 

l  http://www.opensolutionsalliance.org/

 

The Open Solutions Alliance consists of leading companies dedicated to making enterprise-class open software solutions work together. We help customers put open solutions to work by enabling application integration, certifying quality solutions, and promoting cooperation among open solutions developers.

 

l  http://www.osdv.org/

 

We’re a meritocratic community of technology and policy geeks, developing open source guidelines, specifications, and prototypes of high assurance digital voting systems and services.

 

The results of our work are intended to be publicly vetted, peer-reviewed proposed draft standards for building, verifying, and using digital voting technology

 

l  http://www.osgeo.org/

 

The Open Source Geospatial Foundation, or OSGeo, is a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to support and promote the collaborative development of open geospatial technologies and data. The foundation provides financial, organizational and legal support to the broader open source geospatial community. It also serves as an independent legal entity to which community members can contribute code, funding and other resources, secure in the knowledge that their contributions will be maintained for public benefit. OSGeo also serves as an outreach and advocacy organization for the open source geospatial community, and provides a common forum and shared infrastructure for improving cross-project collaboration.

 

l  http://www.osia.net.au/

 

OSIA is the national industry body for Open Source within Australia. We exist to further the cause of both Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) in Australia and to help our members to improve their business success in this growing sector of the global Information and Communication Technology (ICT) market.

 

l  http://www.python.org/

The Python Software Foundation (PSF) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation that holds the intellectual property rights behind the Python programming language. We manage the open source licensing for Python version 2.1 and later and own and protect the trademarks associated with Python. We also run the North American PyCon conference annually, support other Python conferences around the world, and fund Python related development with our grants program and by funding special projects.

 

l  http://www.xiph.org/

 

The Xiph.Org Foundation is a non-profit corporation dedicated to protecting the foundations of Internet multimedia from control by private interests. Our purpose is to support and develop free, open protocols and software to serve the public, developer and business markets.

 

 

 

 

 

一些思考：

 

2009.9.28

 

1. GNU.org, www.fsf.org的中文站点做得比较差劲，希望将来可以发动一些在校的英语专业的同学，加入进来维护GNU中文站点。也有些计算机系的同学天天嚷着要学计算机英语，多么好的机会，既可以为世界做贡献，又可以学计算机英语，就差人牵线搭桥。

 

2. 我想或许OSS.org.cn会成为一个不错的平台，或许会成为中国唯一一个不错的平台，但我觉得中国的自由软件需要发展，更缺少的是一个组织，这个组织的成员团结在一起，走在自由软件推进的前面。

 

3. 注意到没有，现在基本上大家都在说开源软件，而不是说自由软件。我们是应该说自由软件好呢，还是说开源软件？先打个问题，我觉得我们必须有一个选择，或者现有一个深切的讨论，名字很重要，名不正在也不顺，应该考虑的宽一些并从短中长期，综合考虑。我看到Bill的几篇文章是推荐用自由软件的，但是我看到这里的大部分人还是用开源的，为什么没有统一呢？

 

4. Sourceforge.org目前的项目数量已经达到了377248个，不知道是否有对这些项目的分析报告呢？类似于数据挖掘那样的数据分析报告？

 

2009.9.29

 

1. 为什么在SourceForge.NET里面会有一个项目可以支持多种开源协议？这些项目这样选择协议是否会有问题呢？

 

2.  Opensource.org这个组织现在规模如何？主要有一些什么人在里面？主要组织一些什么样的活动？一年的收入有多少？分别是什么样的来源？

 

3.  FSF这个组织现在规模如何？主要有一些什么人在里面？主要组织一些什么样的活动？一年的收入有多少？分别是什么样的来源？

 

4. 开源协议有那么多？最主要的前十个开源协议是什么？开源协议可以如何分类？各个分类有什么样的特点？